ORDOVICICO - ORDEN ASAPHIDA .-
 asaphoid protaspis Isotelus  | ORDER ASAPHIDA last revised 09 June 2006 by S. M. Gon III Diagnostic features shown in this color Introduction: A large (comprising perhaps 20% of trilobite species) and morphologically diverse order of trilobites, most advanced families united by similar ontogeny (the ovoid, effaced "asaphoid" protaspid form with enrolled doublure); most members also have a median ventral suture (only secondarily lost via fusion in two advanced families). Cephalon: often equal/subequal to pygidium (e.g., Asaphoidea), but some not so (e.g., Trinucleioidea); usually with a high degree of cephalic effacement so glabellar furrows are faint or not visible; eyes usually large (some forms secondarily blind); preoccipital glabellar tubercle in advanced forms; cephalic doublure often wide, with terrace ridges; librigena are typically separated by a median ventral suture; dorsal anterior facial sutures often curve adaxially to meet in front of the glabella; sutures opisthoparian; hypostome conterminent or impendent, with only primitive forms (e.g., the Anomocaroidea) natant. Thorax: typically 5 – 12 segments, but 2 - 3 in a few Trinucleioidea, 13+ in some Anomocaroidea, up to 30 in an Alsataspidid (Trinucleioidea). Pygidium: typically large (subisopygous to macropygous), with a wide doublure. Occurrence: Middle-Upper Cambrian boundary to upper Ordovician-lower Silurian. Suborders: None (or nominate Asaphina). Superfamilies: Anomocaroidea, Asaphoidea, Dikelocephaloidea, Remopleuridoidea, Cyclopygoidea, Trinucleioidea. |
| for pictorial guides: Anomocaroidea Pterocephalidae Housia  .. Anomocarellidae Glyphaspis  | Superfamily Anomocaroidea
Introduction: Primitive Asaphida (possibly ancestral to some other asaphine groups), including families retaining the natant hypostomal condition, as well as other ptychoparioid features; protaspides resembling those of Ptychopariida (not "asaphoid"); not all families included may be monophyletic (i.e., Anomocaroidea as described here is likely a paraphyletic group). Cephalon: preglabellar field wide; glabella typically parallel or gently tapering, with 3 or 4 pairs of furrows more or less of ptychoparioid type, palpebral lobes long, sickle-shaped; natant hypostome, median ventral suture; natant hypostome, some approaching conterminant. Thorax: 10-13+ segments. Pygidium: typically large, with broad, usually concave border, 2-10 axial rings. Families: Andrarinidae, Anomocarellidae, Anomocaridae, Aphelaspididae, Parabolinoididae, Pterocephalidae (including Housiidae). Genera: Andrarinidae: Andrarina (/Liostracus), Groenwallia, Groenwallina. Anomocarellidae: Anomocarella (=Psilaspis; = Entorachis), Eoanomocarella, Fissanomocarella, Glyphaspis (=Americare), Hanshania, Huayuania, Liocare, Liopeishania, Liopelta, Luia, Lydiaspis, Megalopsis, Neoanomocarella, Orthodorsum, Paranomocarella, Peishania, (=Parapeishania), Peishanoides, Plebiellus. Anomocaridae: Abharella, Afghanocare, Amginia, Anomocare, Anomocarina, Anomocarioides, Anomocariopsis, Callaspis, Chondranomocare, Dilatalimbus, Elandaspis, Eocatuniella, Forchammeria, Formosocephalus, Fuquania, Glyphanellus, Glyphaspellus, Guizhouanomocare, Hanivella, Harataspis, Hunanaspis, Igarkiella, lohomia, Irinia, Jimanomocare, Juraspis, Kokuria, Kolbinella, Kotuia, Leichneyella, Lomsucaspis, Longxumenia, Macrotoxus, Metanomocare, Nadiyella, Palella, Paracoosia (=Manchurocephalus), Parakotuia, Paranomocare, Pjatkovaspellus, Qinlingia, Rectifrontinella, Sachaspis, Schoriecare, Schoriella, Scintilla, Sivovella, Usovinurus, Wutingshania, Yongwolia. Aphelaspididae: Amorphella, Aphelaspidella, Aphelaspis (=Proaulacopleura; =Clevelandella; =Labiostria), Apheloides, Dicanthopyge, Elegantaspis, Erixanium, Eugonocare, Kobayashella, Listroa, Litocephalus, Maduiya, Nganasanella (=Tamaranella), Notoaphelaspis, Olenaspella, Olentella, Paraphelaspis, Pseudaphelaspis, Pseudeugonocare, Taenicephalites, Taenora. Parabolinoididae: Abdulinaspis, Apornodocia, Boestrupia, Croixana, Jasmundia, Kendallina (/Kendallia), Minkella, Orygmaspis, Parabolinoides (=Bernia), Pedinocephalus, Pesaiella, Roksaspis, Stigmacephaloides, Taenicephalops, Taemcephalus (=Bemaspis; =Maustonia), Weishania. Pterocephaliidae: ?Anecocephalus, Beigongia, Bromella, Camaraspis, Cernuolimbus, Cilia, Dikelocephalioides, Dikelocephalites, Dingxiangaspis, Flabellocephalus, Guangxiaspis, Housia (=Housiella), Jubileia, Labiostrella, Labiostrina (=Abia), Longlingaspis, Lunacephalus, Luotuolingia, Morosa, Parahousia, Paramaladioidella, Pauciella, Pedinaspis, Pedinocephalites, Pelicephalus, Petalocephalus, Plesiocilia, Prehousia, Proapatokephaloides, Prodikelocephalites, Pterocephalia (/Pterocephalus; =Hederacauda), Pterocephalina, Pterocephalopsinus (/Pterocephalops LIN & ZHANG in ZHU et al., 1979), Pulchricapitus (=Reaganaspis), Qilianaspis, Sigmocheilus, Stenambon, Strigambitus, Tiantouzhania, Tumicephalus, Uxunella, Xiaoshiella, Yingziaspis, Yokusenia, Yushugouia, Zhenania, Zhuangliella. |
| for pictorial guides: Asaphoidea Asaphidae Asaphus  . Asaphidae Ptyocephalus  . Ceratopygidae Ceratopyge  | Superfamily Asaphoidea
Introduction: As in typical Asaphida with the following additional defining characteristics: Cephalon: bearing preoccipital glabellar tubercle; glabella elongate, subparallel to tapering forward, with defined occipital ring, curved, apostrophe-like pair of basal glabellar furrows isolated within glabella; hypostome conterminant (rarely impendent) Thorax: typically 8 segments (6 to 9 in some Ceratopygidae) Pygidium: typically rounded and without spines, but sometimes with a terminal spine or pair of spines (e.g., Thysanopyginae). Families: Asaphidae, Ceratopygidae. Genera: Asaphidae: Anataphrus, Araiocaris, Asaphellus (=Asaphelloides; =Asaphoon; =Hemigyraspis; =Megalaspidella; =Plesiomegalaspis), Asaphus (=Schizophorus), Atopasaphus, Aulacoparia, Aulacoparina, Australopyge, Baltiites, Banqiaoites, Basilicus (=Basiliella; =Carinobasiliella; =Dolerobasilicus/ Basilicoides; =Mekynophrys; =Parabasilicus), Bellefontia, Birmanitella, Birmanites (=Opsimasaphus), Bohemopyge (/Ptychocheilus), Borogothus, Brachyaspis, Branisaspis, Burminresia, Charabaia, Chengkouella, Dubovikites, Ectenaspis, Ekeraspis, Emanuelaspis, Emanuelina, Eoasaphus (/Anorina), Eoisotelus, Erdelia (/Maja), Estoniites, Fuyunia, Gerasaphes, Gog, Gogiura, Golasaphus, Griphasaphus, Guohongjunia, Hazarania, Heraspis, Hoekaspis, Homalopyge, Hunjiangites, Hunnebergia, Huochengia, Iduia, Isabelinia, Isotella, Isoteloides, Isotelus (=Homotelus), Isyrakella, Isyrakopeltis, Kainisiliellina, Kayseraspis, Klabavia, Kobayashia, Lachnostoma, Lamanskytes, Lapidaria, Leningradites, Liomegalaspides, Lisogorites (=Trigonoaspis; =Tangyaia), Liushuicephalus, Lonchobasilicus (=Sinomegalaspis), Lycophron, Megalaspidella, Megalaspides (=Lannacus), Megasaphus, Megatemnoura, Megistaspidella (=Spinopyge), Megistaspis (/Megalaspis; =Megistaspinus; =Rhinaspis), Merlinia, Metaptychopyge, Metayuepingia, Mioptychopyge, Mischynogorites, Nahannia, Neoasaphus (=Trematophoris; =Multiasaphus; =Postasaphus; =Subasaphus), Neopeltis, Nerudaspis, Nileoides, Ningkianites, Niobe, Niobella (=Metoptogyrus), Niobides, Niobina, Nobiliasaphus (=Pamirotchechites), Norasaphites, Norasaphus, Norinia, Notopeltis, Ogmasaphus, Ogyginus, Ogygiocarella, Ogygiocaris, Ogygitella, Ogygites, Ogygitoides, Onchometopus, Parabellefontia, Paramegalaspis (=Dolerasaphus), Paramegistaspis (/Varvaspis), Paraptychopyge, Paratamdaspis, Parayuepingia, Penchiopsis, Platyptychopyge, Plectasaphus, Plesiyuepingia, Popovkiaspis, Popovkites, Praecoparia, Presbynileus (/Paranileus), Priceaspis (=Fitzroyaspis), Proasaphus, Promegalaspides, Protopresbynileus (/Pseudonileus HINTZE, 1953), Protoptychopyge, Proxiniobe, Pseudoasaphinus, Pseudoasaphoides, Pseudoasaphus, Pseudobasilicoides, Pseudobasilicus, Pseudobasiliella, Pseudobasiloides, Pseudogriphasaphus, Pseudogygites, Pseudomegalaspis, Pseudoptychopyge, Pseudoptyocephalus, Psilocephalina, Psilocephalops, Ptychopyge, Ptyocephalus (=Kirkella), Rhinoferus (=Lawiaspis; =Ropschiaspis), Sanbernardaspis, Shergoldina, Stegnopsis, Stenorhachis, Suriaspis, Tchukeraspis, Thysanopyge (=Basilicoides), Trigonocerca, Trigonocercella, Tsaidamaspis, Valdaites, Vogdesia, Volchovites, Xenasaphus, Xenostegium, Xinanocephalus, , Yuepingioides, Zhenganites (=Eosoptychopyge), Zoraspis, Zuninaspis. Ceratopygidae: ?Ajacicrepida, Asiocephalus, Boschchekulia, Cataplotaspis, Ceratopyge, Cermatops, Charchaqia (=Aplotaspis), Diceratopyge (=Paraceratopyge), Dichelepyge (=Bicornipyge), Dipleuropyge, Guozia, Haniwoides (=Yuepingia), Hedinaspis, Hunanopyge, Hysterolenus (=Ruapyge/ Hectoria), Kaltykelina, Kaufmannella (/Kaufmannia), Kogenium, Lopnorites, Macropyge (=Haniwapyge, =Lichapyge; =Macropygella), Mansuyella, Nannopeltis, Neohedinaspis, Onychopyge (=Prionopyge), Proceratopyge, Promacropyge (=Aksapyge), Pseudohysterolenus, Pseudoyuepingia (=Iwayaspis; =Sayramaspis), Sinoproceratopyge, Tamdaspis (=Psiloyuepingia), Tropidopyge, Wannania, Xiaodaositunia. |
Trinucleioidea Raphiophoridae Ampyx  Trinucleidae Cryptolithus  | Superfamily Trinucleioidea
Cephalon: Opisthoparian or marginal facial sutures, generally eyeless; glabella typically convex and pyriform, with 3 or fewer pairs of furrows, preoccipital glabellar tubercle sometimes present; usually long genal spines. Thorax: usually 5 – 8 segments, but only 2-3 segments in progenetic Raphiophoridae, and up to 30 in Seleneceme(Alsataspididae), with long, narrow adaxial pleurae. Pygidium: wide, typically triangular, narrow axis extending to posterior margin, border strongly declined, doublure very narrow. Other: Asaphoid protaspis shows common ancestry; Raphiophorus is the only Trinucleioid (indeed the only representative of the order Asaphida) that continues beyond the Ordovician-Silurian boundary. Families: Alsataspididae (including Orometopidae), Dionididae, Liostracinidae, Raphiophoridae, Trinucleidae, Genera: Alsataspididae: Ajrikina, Alataupleura, Araiopleura, Calycinoidia, Caputrotundum, Clavatellus, Falanaspis, Hapalopleura, Huamiaocephalus, Jegorovaia (=Hermosella), Jiangxiaspis, Orometopus, Pagometopus, Palquiella, Paracalymenemene (/Paracalymene LIU), Plesioparabolina, Pyrimetopus, Rhadinopleura, Seleneceme (=Alsataspis), Sibiriopleura, Skljarella (=Proaraiopleura), Spirantyx, Trigocephalus, Yumenaspis, Zacompsus. Dionididae: Aethedionide, Digrypos, Dionide (/Dione; /Polytomurus; =Dionidepyga; =Trigrypos), Dionideina, Dionidella, Huangnigangia, Paradionide, Tongxinaspis, Trinucleoides. Liostracinidae: Aplexura, Doremataspis, Liostracina, Lynaspis. Raphiophoridae: Ampyx (/Brachyampyx), Ampyxella, Ampyxina, Ampyxinella, Ampyxoides, Anisonotella, Bulbaspis, Caganaspis, Carinocranium, Cerampyx, Cnemidopyge, Collis, Edmundsonia, Ellsaspis, Endymionia (/Endymion), Globampyx, Jiuxiella (=Miboshania), Kanlingia, Lonchodomas, Malinaspis, Malongullia (=Ampyxinops), Mendolaspis, Metalonchodomas, Miaopopsis, Nambeetella, Nanshanaspis, Parabulbaspis, Parampyx, Pseudampyxina, Pytine, Raphioampyx, Raphiophorus, Raymondella (/Reedaspis), Rhombampyx, Salteria, Sinampyxina, Sinoluia, Taklamakania (=Xinjiangia). Trinucleidae: Anebolithus, Australomyttonia, Bancroftolithus, Bergamia (=Bohemaspis; =Brandysops; =Cochliorrhoe), Bettonolithus, Botrioides, Broeggerolithus (=Ulricholithus), Costonia, Cryptolithoides, Cryptolithus, Deanaspis, Declivolithus, Decordinaspis, Eirelithus, Famatinolithus, Furcalithus, Guandacolithus, Gymnostomix, Hanchungolithus (=Ichangolithus; =Yinjiangolithus), Huenickenolithus, Incaia, Jianxilithus, Lloydolithus, Lordshillia, Marekolithus, Marrolithoides, Marrolithus, ?Microdiscus, Myinda, Myindella, Myttonia, Nankinolithus, Ningkianolithus (=Cerato1ithus; =Hexianolithus), Novaspis, Onnia, Paratretaspis, Paratrinucleus, Parkesolithus, Pragolithus, Protoincaia, Protolloydolithus, Reedolithus, Reuscholithus, Salterolithus (=Smeathenia), Stapeleyelta, Telaeomarrolithus, Tetrapsetlium, Tretaspis, Trinucleus (/Edgellia), Whittardolithus, Xiushuilithus, Yinpanolithus. |
Dikelocephalidae Dikelocephalus  | Superfamily Dikelocephaloidea
Cephalon: with opisthoparian sutures, glabella typically truncate anteriorly and squat, 1-4 pairs of lateral furrows, 1p may be transglabellar; preglabellar field variable, sometimes absent, palpebral ridge typically well-defined, but separate from axial furrow (compare to sister group Remopleuroidea); genal spines typically present, of various length; median ventral suture rarely lost to secondary fusion; hypostome conterminant Thorax: 8-12 segments, axis convex, pleurae typically wider than length of axis, typically with short, pointed ends (longer in Loganellidae). Pygidium: micropygous to isopygous, variable shape, axis often extends majority of length, sometimes with post-axial ridge, posterior margin smooth or spined (1-5 pairs of marginal spines) Families: Dikelocephalidae, Eurekiidae, Ptychaspididae, Saukiidae, Loganellidae. Genera: Dikelocephalidae: Berkeia, Blandicephalus, Briscoia, Camaraspoides, Dikelocephalus, Elkia, Goumenzia, Hoytaspis, Iranella, Kasachstanaspis, Monocheilus, Olimus, Osceolia, Parabriscoia, Patalolaspis, Princetonella (/Calyptomma), Pterocephalops RASETTI, Randicephalus, Stigmacephalus, Walcottaspis. Eurekiidae: Bandalaspis, Bayfieldia, Corbinia, Eurekia, Leocephalus, Lochmanaspis, Magnacephalus, Maladia, Tostonia. Ptychaspididae: Alborsella, Changia (=Coreanocephalus; =Quadraticephalus; =Fengshania), Eoptychaspis, Eowuhuia, Euptychaspis, Idiomesus, Kathleenella, Keithia, Keithiella, Macronoda (=Promesus), Plectrella, Proricephalus, Ptychaspis (=Asioptychaspis), Saukioides (/Pseudosaukia; /Jeholaspis), Sunwaptia, Wilcoxaspis. Saukiidae: Anderssonella (/Anderssonia, /Sunina), Calvinella, Caznaia, Danzhaisaukia, Diemanosaukia, Eosaukia (=Scolosaukia), Galerosaukia, Guangnania, Hamashania, Lichengia, Linguisaukia, Liquania, Lophoholcus, Lophosaukia, Mareda, Metacalvinella, Mictosaukia, Mictosaukioidia, Paracalvinella, Pileaspis, Platysaukia, Prosaukia (=Stenosaukia), Pseudocalvinella, Saukia, Saukiella, Sinosaukia, Stigmaspis, Tellerina, Thailandium, Wedekindiaspis (/Wedekindia). |
Cyclopygidae Cyclopyge  . Nileidae Nileus  | Superfamily Cyclopygoidea
Cephalon: with glabella expanding forward to anterior margin, effaced in later cyclopygids, may be fused with occipital ring; fixigenae reduced (except in primitive Taihungshaniidae), palpebral lobes lack distinct rims, and contact axial furrows at anterior ends, librigenae fused or separated by anterior median suture; hypostome relatively transverse, impendent, often with tripartite posterior margin; eye various sized (may be hypertrophied and convex (Cyclopyge), typically closely adjoined to glabella. Thorax: 5-8(9?) segments. Pygidium: medium to large (subisopygous in Nileidae), axis usually with 2-5 rings (but up to 20+ in advanced Taihungshaniidae), may be smooth, or with indistinct furrows. Families: Cyclopygidae, Nileidae, Taishunghaniidae Genera: Cyclopygidae: Amicus, Aspidaeglina, Circulocrania, Cyclopyge (/Egle/Aeglina), Degamella, Ellipsotaphrus, Emmrichops, Gastropolus (=Lisogoraspis), Girvanopyge (=Cremastoglottos; =Gamops; =Nanlingia), Heterocyclopyge (=Selenoptychus), Microparia (=Gallagnostoides), Novakella (=Incisopyge), Paramicroparia, Phylacops, Pricyclopyge (=Bicyclopyge), Prospectatrix, Psilacella, Quadratapyge, Sagavia, Symphysops, Waldminia, Xenocyclopyge. Nileidae: Aocaspis, Barrandia, Berkutaspis, Borthaspidella, Bumastides, Elongatanileus, Homalopteon, Illaenopsis (=Eurymetopus; =Procephalops; =Rokycania/Pseudobarrandia), Kodymaspis, ?Lakaspis, Neopsilocephalina, Nileus (=Remopleuridioides), Parabarrandia, Parabumastides, Paranileus, ?Peraspis, Petrbokia, Platypeltoides (/Platypeltis), Poronileus, Psilocephalinella (/Psilocephalus/ Psilocephalina/Borthaspis), Shenjiawania, Symphyroxochus, ?Symphysurina (=Symphysurinella; =Symphysuroides), Symphysurus, Troedssonia, Varvia. Taihungshaniidae: Asaphellina, Asaphopsis, Omeipsis, Pacootella, Renhuaia, Taihungshania (=Miquelina), Tungtzuella. |
Remopleurididae Remopleurides  .. Remopleurididae Robergia  | Superfamily Remopleuridoidea
Cephalon: with opisthoparian sutures, glabella bulges tranversely anterior of occipital ring, with up to 3 pairs lateral furrows, eyes medium to very large, with narrow, wire-like socle, palpebral rims inflated, deep rim furrows, extending into axial furrows anteriorly; genal spines present. Thorax: 9-12 segments, axis convex, pleural furrows diagonal, pleural tips typically point backward. Pygidium: with spinose margin, spines flattened, united at bases, extending to axis; convex axis not extending to posterior margin, pleural field flat, typically furrowed and backward curving. Surface variously sculptured or granulose. Families: Auritamiidae, Bohemillidae, Hungaiidae (including Dikelokephalinidae), Idahoiidae (including Loganellidae), Remopleurididae (including Kainellidae). Genera: Auritamidae: Auritama, Metopotropis. Bohemillidae: Bohemilla, Fenniops. Hungaiidae: Asaphopsoides (=Dainellicauda; =Xiangxiia), Ciliocephalus, Dactylocephalus, Dikella, Dikelocephalopsis, Dikelokephalina, Dikelus, Hungaia (=Acrohybus), Hungioides (=Argentinops), Leimitzia, Meitanopsis, Songtaoia, Warendia, Xiushanopsis. Idahoiidae: Aguilarella, Arrhenaspis, Brabbia, Comanchia, Duibianaspis, Elviraspis, Langyashania, Lauzonella, Leviscila, Loganellus (=Highgatea), Maladioidella (=Kuruktagella; =Cedarellus), Noelaspis, Patronaspis, Psalaspis, Pyttstrigis, Saratogia (=Idahoia, =Meeria), Shitaia, Valtoressia, Wafangia, Wilbernia, Zhuitunia. Remopleurididae: Aktugaiella, Amphitryon (/Caphyra; =Brachypleura), Aotiaspis, Apatokephalina, Apatokephaloides, Apatokephalops (=Aristokainella; =Wanliangtingia), Apatokephalus, Apiflabellum, Arator, Artokephalus, Atratebia, Auricula, Binervus, Blosyropsis, Cavia, Deanokephalus, Diplapatokephalus, Dislobosaspis, Eoapatokephalus, Eorobergia, Haniwa, Hastiremopleurides, Hexacopyge, Hualongella, Hukasawaia, Hypodicranotus, Ivshinaspis, Jiia, Jingheella, Jinshaella, Kainella, Kainellina, Kainelloides, Lacorsalina, Lingukainella, Lohanpopsis, Loshanella, Lulongia, Makbelaspis, Mendosina, Menoparia, Naustia, Oculeus, Poletaevia, Portentosus, Praepatokephalus, Proapatokephalops, Pseudokainella (=Elkanaspis; =Parakainella; =Fatocephalus), Pugilator, Remopleurella, Remopleurides, Remopleuridiella, Richardsonaspis, Richardsonella (=Lakella; =Protapatokephalus), Robergia, Robergiella, Scinocephalus, Sculptaspis, Sculptella, Sigmakainella, Spinacephalus, Taishania, Teratorhynchus, Tibikephalus, Tramoria, Yosimuraspis (=Eoyosimuraspis; =Metayosimuraspis). |
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