ERA GEOLÓGICA ORDOVICICO

ORDOVICICO - ORDEN PHACOPIDA .-

Phacopidae  Phacops  Calymenidae protaspis	ORDER PHACOPIDAlast revised 20 October 2010 by S. M. Gon III Introduction: large and variable group of related suborders; post-Cambrian, but presumably derived from Cambrian ancestors, perhaps natant Ptychopariida. Cephalon: typically proparian (Phacopina and Cheirurina) or gonatoparian (Calymenina), preglabellar field often very short or absent, 4 or fewer pairs of glabellar furrows (these sometimes fused); eyes, when present, schizochroal (Phacopina) or holochroal (Cheirurina and Calymenina); with rostral plates (Calymenina and Cheirurina) or without (some Phacopina); hypostome conterminant (all suborders) to impendent (some Phacopina).  Thorax: 8 – 19 segments, sometimes distinctly furrowed, axis sometimes broad (e.g., Homalonotidae).  Pygidium: typically micropygous (most Calymenina and Phacopina), but variable (e.g., subisopygous in Dalmanitoidea and Acastoidea), may be lobed or spiny (e.g., Cheirurina, some Dalmanitoidea, Acastoidea), or smooth-margined, with round or subtriangular outline (e.g., Calymenina, Phacopoidea).  Other: All suborders share similar ontogeny (bearing early protaspides with three pairs of prominent marginal spines, the hindmost pair post-cephalic, example at left) that in particular link the Calymenina to other Phacopida suborders.  Occurrence: Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc) to Upper Devonian (Famennian)  Suborders: Calymenina, Phacopina, Cheirurina. last edited 08 July 2007 SMGIII
Calymenidae  Calymene	Suborder Calymenina Cephalon: semicircular to subtriangular, typically with gonatoparian sutures (a few opisthoparian, e.g.,Bathycheilidae, primitive Homalonotidae); glabella narrowing forwards; eyes holochroal, often small; hypostome conterminant, rostral plate present.  Thorax: 11 – 13 (typically 13), segments with rounded tips.  Pygidium: semicircular or triangular, without spinose margin.  Superfamilies/Families: Calymenoidea/Bathycheilidae, Bavarillidae, Calymenidae, Homalonotidae, Pharostomatidae.  Genera:   Bathycheilidae: Bathycheilus (=Parabathycheilus), Calymenia, Eulomina. Bavarillidae: Bavarilla, Holoubkocheilus. Calymenidae: Alcymene, Apocalymene, Arcticalymene, Calymene (/Calymena/Calymaena/ Calymmene/Calymmena), Calymenella, Calymenesun, Colpocoryphe (=Thoralocoryphe), Dekalymene, Diacalymene, Flexicalymene, Gravicalymene, Limbocalymene, Linguocalymene, Liocalymene, Metacalymene, Neseuretinus, Neseuretus (=Synhomalonotus), Nipponocalymene, Onnicalymene, Papillicalymene, Paracalymene, Platycalymene (=Sulcocalymene), Pradoella, Protocalymene, Reacalymene, Reedocalymene, Salterocoryphe, Sarrabesia, Spathacalymene, Sthenarocalymene, Tapinocalymene, Thelecalymene, Vietnamia. Homalonotidae: Arduennella, Brongniartella (=Pamirotellus; =Portaginus), Burmeisterella. Burmeisteria, Digonus, Dipleura, Eohomalonotus (/Brongniartia SALTER), Homalonotus, Huemacaspis, Iberocoryphe, Kerfornella, Leiostegina, Parahomalonotus, Plaesiacomia, Platycoryphe (=Liangshanaspis), Scabrella, Trimerus. Pharostomatidae: Eopharostoma, Paivinia, Pharostomina (=Colpocoryphoides), Prionocheilus (=Pharostoma), Ptychometopus, Thulincola (=Pharostomaspis), Xuanenia. last edited 09 NOV 2003 SMGIII
Phacopoidea  Phacopidae  Reedops                                        Dalmanitoidea  Dalmanitidae  Dalmanites  Diaphanometopidae Diaphanometopus Prosophiscidae Prosopiscus           Acastoidea  Acastidae  Acastoides  Calmoniidae Metacryphaeus	Suborder Phacopina Cephalon: proparian sutures (sometimes fused), schizochroal eyes; glabella expands forwards; librigena typically yoked as single piece; hypostome conterminant to impendent, some with no rostral plate; some with genal spines.  Thorax: 10 to (typically) 11 segments, pleurae furrowed, articulating facets distinct, rounded, angular, or spinose tips.  Pygidium: typically smaller than cephalon (but subisopygous in Dalmanitoidea and Acastoidea), smooth or spinose.  Superfamilies: Phacopoidea, Dalmanitoidea, Acastoidea (See below)  Characterizations of the three Phacopine superfamilies:  Superfamily Phacopoidea  Cephalon: generally with strongly divergent axial furrows (glabella greatly expanding anteriorly), anterior glabellar lobes fused into single anterior tri-composite lobe, frontal area generally lacking (obliterated by large glabella), eyes (when present) typically anterior; genal angle typically rounded, without genal spines (exceptions among Pterygometopidae), vincular furrow generally present.  Thorax: variable, but often with rounded tips.  Pygidium: typically micropygous (Phacopidae) to subisopygous (some Pterygometopidae), not spinose.  Families: Phacopidae, Pterygometopidae  Genera:   Phacopidae: Acernaspis (=Eskaspis; =Otadenus; =Murphycops), Acuticryphops, Adastocephalum, Afrops, Ainasuella, Altaesajania, Ananaspis, Angulophacops, Arduennops, Atopophacops, Babinops, Boeckops, Burtonops, Chotecops (=Cordapeltis), Cryphops (/Gortania/Microphthalmus), Cultrops, Denckmannites (/Denckmannia), Dianops, Dienstina, Drotops, Ductina, Echidnops, Echinophacops, Eldredgeops, Eocryphops, Eophacops (/Pterygometopidella; =Bullicephalus), Geesops, Hypsipariops, Illaenula, Kainops, Liolophops, Lochkovella, Nandanaspis, Nephranomma, Nephranops, Nyterops, Omegops, Orygmatos, Paciphacops, Pedinopariops, Phacopidella (/Glockeria), Phacops, Plagiolaria, Portlockia, Prokops, Rabienops, Reedops, Rhinophacops, Rhinoreedops, Sambremeuaspis, Signatops, Somatrikelon, Spinicryphops, Struveaspis, Struveops, Tangbailaspis, Teichertops, Toxophacops, Trimerocephalus (/Eutrimerocephalus), Viaphacops, Weyerites, Zaplaops, Zhusilengops. Pterygometopidae: Achatella, Bolbochasmops, Calliops, Calyptaulax (=Ligometopus; =Homalops), Carinopyge, Ceratevenkaspis, Chasmops, Denella, Elasmaspis, Eomonorachus, Estoniops, Evenkaspis, Ingriops, Isalaux, Isalauxina, Keilapyge, Liocnemis, Monorakos, Oculichasmops, Oelandiops, Parevenkaspis, Podowrinella, Pterygometopus, Rollmops, Ruegenometopus, Sceptaspis, Schmidtops, Scopelochasmops, Toxochasmops, Tricopelta, Truncatometopus, Upplandiops, Uralops, Valdariops, Vironiaspis, Volkops, Yanhaoia. Superfamily Dalmanitoidea  Cephalon: typically bearing genal spines, generally with well-developed preglabellar field, median region of glabella bearing muscle scars; eyes tend to mesial or posterior, true vincular furrows lacking.  Thorax: variable, but often with spinose tips.  Pygidium: typically subisopygous, often spinose (terminal or marginal spines); axial rings of consistent depth along length of pygidial axis, axial furrows with simple and consistent convergence angle.  Families: Dalmanitidae, Diaphanometopidae, Prosopiscidae  Genera:   Dalmanitidae: Anchiopsis, Andreaspis, Argentopyge, Banilatites, Bessazoon, Blanodalmanites, Chacomurus, Chattiaspis, Coronura, Corycephalus, Crozonaspis, Dalmanites (/Dalmania; =Guaranites; =Hausmannia ETHERIDGE & MITCHELL; =Heliocephalus/Malvernia; =Makaspis; =Ommokris), Dalmanitina, Dalmanitoides, Dalmaniturus, Daytonia, Deloites, Delops, Destombesites, Dreyfussina (=Prephacopidella), Duftonia, Eodalmanitina, Eudolatites, Fenestraspis, Forillonaria, Francovichia, Furacopyge, Gamonedaspis, Glyptambon, Guichenia, Huntoniatonia (/Huntonia), Kasachstania, Lygdozoon, Malladaia, Morgatia, Mucronaspis (=Guaykinites), Mytocephala (=Mirops), Neoprobolium, Odontocephalus, Odontochile (/Hausmannia HALL & CLARK), Ormathops, Pericopyge, Phalangocephalus, Preodontochile, Prodontochile, Prosocephalus, Retamaspis, Reussiana, Roncellia, Schoharia, Songxites, Struveria, Synphoria (/Eocorycephalus; /Neosynphoria), Synphor oides, Thuringaspis, Toletanaspis, Trypaulites, Vokovicia, Zeliszkella, Zlichovaspis (=Devonodontochile; =Spinodontochile). Diaphanometopidae: Diaphanometopus, Gyrometopus, Prodalmanitina. Prosopiscidae: Prosopiscus Superfamily Acastoidea  Cephalon: axial furrows slightly to moderately divergent, anterior glabellar lobes and furrows usually not fused (although furrows may be indistinct), eyes typically distant from posterior border furrows, but not strongly anterior; frontal glabellar lobe auxilliary impression system triangular in outline, maximum width of glabella adjacent to preglabellar furrow, median region of glabella devoid of muscle scars; cephalic margin "shouldered," laterally convex course of genal margin topographically distinct from curvature of axial margin  Thorax: pleural endings blunt, rounded, or angular, sometimes spinose.  Pygidium: micropygous to subisopygous, sometimes spinose (expressed as marginal spines), pygidial axis with deep, apodemal anterior ring furrows, with abrupt transition to shallow posterior ring furrows; coincident decrease in angle of axial furrow convergence.  Other: often similar in general body form to Phacopoidea via convergent evolution, but glabellar and other differences as noted above.  Families: Acastidae, Calmoniidae.  Genera:   Acastidae: Acastava, Acaste, Acastella, Acastellina, Acastocephala, Acastoides, Acastopyge, Armorigreenops, Asteropyge, Baniaspis, Bellacartwrightia, Bradocryphaeus, Braunops, Breizhops, Centauropyge, Chimaerastella, Coltraneia, Comura, Cryphina, Delocare, Deloops, Destombesina, Dunopyge, Echinopyge, Erbenochile, Ewacaste, Feruminops, Gourdonia, Greenops, Gudralisium, Hallandclarkeops, Harringtonacaste, Heliopyge (=Alcaldops), Hexacosta, Hollardops (=Modellops; =Philipsmithiana), Kayserops, Kennacryphaeus, Kloucekia, Llandovacaste, Metacanthina, Mimocryphaeus, Morocconites, Mrakibina, Neocalmonia, Neometacanthus, Paracryphaeus, Pelitlina, Phacopidina, Philonyx, Pilletina, Protacanthina, Pseudocryphaeus, Psychopyge, Quadratispina, Quadrops, Radiopyge, Rheicops, Rhenops, Saharops, Sanidopyge, Scotiella, Sokhretia, Stummiana, Talus, Tolkienia, Treveropyge, Turcopyge, Walliserops. Calmoniidae: Anchiopella, Andinacaste, Australocaste, Australops, Awaria, Bainella (=Paradalmanites; =Paranacaste), Belenops, Bouleia (=Dereimsia), Calmonia, Chiarumanipyge, Clarkeaspis, Cryphaeoides, Curuyella, Deltacephalaspis, Eldredgeia, Feistia, Hadrorachus, Jujuyops, Kozlowskiaspis, Malvinella, Malvinocooperella, Metacryphaeus, Oosthuizenella, Palpebrops, Parabouleia, Paracalmonia (/Proboloides), Pennaia, Phacopina, Plesioconvexa, Plesiomalvinella, Prestalia, Probolops, Punillaspis, Renniella, Romanops, Schizostylus, Talacastops, Tarijactinoides (=Bolivianaspis), Tibagya (/Schizopyge), Tormesiscus, Typhloniscus, Vogesina, Wolfartaspis.  last edited: 09 NOV 2003 SMGIII
Cheiruridae  Cheirurus  Encrinuridae Encrinurus Pilekiidae Parapilekia Pliomeridae Placoparia	Suborder Cheirurina Cephalon: proparian sutures (a few opisthoparian), glabella usually expanding forwards or barrel-shaped, up to 4 pairs of furrows; holochroal eyes, often small; gena often with fine pitting; with rostral plate; hypostome conterminant, with anterior wing bearing prominent process.  Thorax: variable numbers of distinctive segments within Phacopid range of 8-19, often spine-tipped.  Pygidium: often highly modified with 2-16 distinct pairs of ribs, and lobed or spinose margin.  Other: often with tuberculate exoskeleton.  Superfamilies/Families: Cheiruroidea/Cheiruridae, Encrinuridae (including Staurocephalidae), Pilekiidae, Pliomeridae.  Genera:   Cheiruridae: Acanthoparypha, Actinopeltis HAWLE & CORDA, Anasobella, Ancyginaspis, Apollonaspis, Arcticeraurinella, Areia, Areiaspis, Azyptyx, Barrandeopeltis, Borealaspis (=Alreboaspis), Bornholmaspis, Bufoceraurus, Ceraurinella (=Bartoninus), Ceraurinium, Ceraurinus (=Remipyga), Cerauromeros, Cerauropeltis, Ceraurus (=Eoceraurus), Cheirurus, Chiozoon, Contracheirurus, Courtessolium, Crotalocephalides, Crotalocephalina (/Gibbocephalus; =Mezocrotalus), Crotalocephalus (=Cerauroides; =Pilletopeltis/Boeckia PILLET), Cyrtometopella, Cyrtometopus, Deiphon, Didrepanon, Eccoptochile, Eccoptochiloides, Forteyops, Foulonia, Gabriceraurus, Geracephalina, Hadromeros, Hammannopyge, Hapsiceraurus, Heliomera, Heliomeroides, Holia (=Ainoa), Hyrokybe (=Shiqiania), Junggarella, Kawina (=Cydonocephalus), Kolymella, Krattaspis, Ktenoura, Laneites, Lehua, Leviceraurus, Nieszkowskia, Onycopyge, Osekaspis, Pandaspinapyga, Paraceraurus, Parasphaerexochus (=Mayopyge), Parayoungia (=Ichiyamella), Parisoceraurus, Pateraspis, Patomaspis, Placoparina, Pompeckia, Proromma, Protocerauroides, Pseudocheirurus, Pseudosphaerexochus (=Zethus), Radiurus, Ratinkaspis, Reraspis, Skelipyx, Sphaerexochus (=Korolevium; =Onukia; =Parvixochus), Sphaerocoryphe (=Ellipsocoryphe; =Hemisphaerocoryphe), Stubblefieldia, Sycophantia, Turantyx, Valongia, Whittakerites, Xylabion, Xystocrania (=Xialiangshania), Youngia, Zazvorkaspis. Encrinuridae: Aegrotocatellus, Alwynulus, Atractocybeloides; Atractopyge (=Cybelella), Avalanchurus, Balizoma, Batocara (=Pacificurus/ Australurus), Bevanopsis, Billevittia, Brianurus -(/Briania), Celtencrinurus, Coronaspis, Coronocephalus (=Coronocephalina; =Senticucullus), Cromus (=Encrinuraspis), Curriella, Cybele (=Cybelina), Cybeloides, Cybelurus (=Mitacybele), Dayongia, Deacybele, Dindymene (=Comovica), Distyrax, Dnestrovites, Elsarella, Encrinuroides, Encrinurus (=Saoria), Eodindymene, Erratencrinurus, Fragiscutum, Frammia, Frencrinuroides, Johntempleia, Kailia, Koksorenus, Langgonia, Lasaguaditas, Libertella, Lyrapyge, Mackenziurus, ,Mitchellaspis (/Mitchellia), Nucleurus, Oedicybele (=Dindymenella; =Jemtella), Paracybeloides, Paraencrinurus, Parakailia, Perirehaedulus, Perryus, Physemataspis, Plasiaspis, Prophysemataspis, Prostrix, Rielaspis, Rongxiella, Sinocybele, Staurocephalus, Stiktocybele, Struszia, Tewonia, Walencrinuroides, Wallacia. Pilekiidae: Anacheiruraspis, Anacheirurus, Chashania, Demeterops, Emsurina, Koraipsis, Landyia, Macrogrammus, Metapilekia, Metapliomerops, Parapilekia, Pilekia, Pliomeroides, Pseudopliomera, Seisonia, Sinoparapilekia, Victorispina. Pliomeridae: Anapliomera, Benedettia, Canningella, Colobinion, Coplacoparia, Cybelopsis, Ectenonotus, Encrinurella, Evropeites, Gogoella, Guizhoupliomerops, Hawleia, Hintzeia, Humaencrinuroides, Ibexaspis, Josephulus, Kanoshia, Leiostrototropis, Liexiaspis, Ngaricephalus, Obliteraspis, Ovalocephalus (=Hammatocnemis; =Paratzuchiatocnemis), Parahawleia, Parapliomera, Perissopliomera, Placoparia, Pliomera (/Amphion), Pliomerella, Pliomeridius, Pliomerina (/Pliomeraspis), Pliomerops, Protoencrinurella, Protopliomerella, Protopliomerops (=Stototropis), Pseudocybele, Pseudomera, Quinquecosta, Rossaspis, Strotactinus, Tesselacauda, Tienshihfuia, Tzuchiatocnemis.